First Time in College Essay

College is extremely different from high school – creating new friends, dealing with more school work, and being responsible. In some ways it can be a good thing but it can be a frightful thing as well. It is one of the biggest challenges most teenagers will encounter to be successful in life. After all those four years of high school, it is now the time to join the ranks of the high school graduates who have chosen to achieve a higher education. Some might think it is very exciting while others might have a different opinion about it. Regardless of how they feel, being able to attend college is the primary step to the real world. As what Jason Rich, author of The Everything College Survival Book, has mentioned, â€Å"This is the time when you are making that life transition from living at home with your parents to becoming an adult.† It is most likely that these intimidating words will haunt a high school graduate’s mind until the first day of college. Still, there are plenty of ways to deal with the hardships a student may face while walking into college the first time. One of the foremost things on any student’s mind is that you do not know anyone, unless you have a couple of friends that decided to take the same program as you. The thing is, so does everyone else! You can see this as the perfect opportunity to meet and make new friends that can help you get through this last chapter of your studying days. Like everybody else, many students are nervous and no one talks to anyone on the first day of classes. However, students try to overcome that fear and take a risk. In the end it will all be worth it and as each semester passes by, most of them might become the best of friends or even roommates if they live away from home. If for some reason it does not work out during the first week, try to attend on-campus events or sign up for extracurricular activities. This way you can meet and connect with a bunch of great people, not only from your program but also from the entire school. Another difficulty many students may deal with is feeling overwhelmed by the sheer volume of work they may receive during the first month. During those 30 days, the course load is much harder compared to the amount of work in high school. For example, on the first day, the professor has already designated an assignment that will be due in the next couple of classes. In addition to that, another instructor from a different class might say there will be a test on the same day the assignment is due. Hearing this right after a long summer break will definitely overwhelm a student’s mind, especially if he has come directly out of high school. Therefore, before the stress keeps piling up, students may have to find a way to make adjustments to their old study habits. A great deal of effort must be put in each of their work and must not waste time. After all, no one would spend a huge amount of money on college just to fail. In addition, going to college will expose you to brand new freedoms that require a higher level of maturity and responsibility. In comparison to high school, no one is going to check if you have done your homework or if you have studied for a major test. If the instructor says when the due date is going to be, that is the only day you can submit your work and there will be no exceptions; unless there is an emergency then that will be a different story. There is a very limited opportunity that an instructor will take his time assisting hundreds of students. Although college life is about meeting new people, it is extremely important to know your boundaries and do not let your social life interfere with your studies. Managing your time well and being able to organize properly will be a great help to be able to go through college without a problem. As previously mentioned, there are various differences between high school and college. Attending classes could become more difficult due to the unusual atmosphere and having more independence. However, despite the numerous challenges that come with having a fresh start in college, believing that you belong is the best way to overcome them. Given the time to adjust to all the changes, sooner or later, students will start to feel right at home in the new environment. College will be a way to help students shape their individuality and prepare them for the worst possible scenarios in the competitive world. Thus, high school graduates that decided to cross the bridge to attend college are one step closer to become successful in life.

The Effect of the Invention of Basketball on American Society

For those who do not consider themselves basketball fans, the sport’s significance may seem irrelevant or of very little. While these people may not think to thank Dr. James Naismith for his invention of the game, we should all thank him for the major contributions he made and paths he paved for this country. Although basketball may be seen as just a sport played for fun and enjoyment, its invention’s impact on Americans was huge, positive, and everlasting. The inventor himself had a very strange and rough road to get to that infamous winter night that the game was created.James Naismith wasn’t born in your ideal view of a basketball setting, but in Canada. Both his mother and father passed away of typhoid fever before he had turned nine years old. James then moved in with his uncle in Springfield, Massachusetts, terribly overwhelmed and distressed. He dropped out of school at the age of fifteen because he saw â€Å"no need in learning more than he already knewà ¢â‚¬  (Hill 9). If Naismith would have actually gone along with this way of thinking, the journey to the invention of basketball could have ended right then and there.In fact, the only reason Naismith ever went to college was that his uncle wanted him to become a minister. He went on to attend Presbyterian College, where the invention was a great case of serendipity. While he was there, there were no sports being played between football and baseball season due to the cold weather. He noticed athletes were bored and as he would later write, he was â€Å"just trying to find a solution to a problem† (Hill 7). This indoor game played with peach baskets soon exploded in popularity and the rest was history.In the mid-1800s a majority, if not all, of American culture was adopted from another country. Baseball was being played, which was derived from the English game of cricket. The sport of lacrosse was learned from the Native Americans. We even cooked like Europeans and dressed li ke them. We, of course, had broken off politically, but we struggled to find difference materialistically. Basketball, however, fostered both pride and identity (Gems). The game was American-made and everyone wanted a part in it. A communal interest was taken and people were proud to call it theirs.The game taught, and still teaches, a great lesson in diversity. Lots of people grew to know the meaning of the word through their experiences with the sport. The term was significant in studying and analyzing other teams’ and players’ basketball approaches, such as the types of plays they ran or just how good they were. More importantly, however, diversity among people was discovered. The sport broadened stereotypes and views of other races. It allowed players to realize that there are no real differences. In the late 1890s, basketball’s very early days, ethnically diverse advocates of the game were very prevalent.Groups like the German Turners, Czech Sokols, and Pol ish Falcons loved the sport and â€Å"acquiesced to the interests of second-generation youths such as basketball† (Gems). Integration saw a huge advancement due to basketball. Teams all across the country were being formed and they would play against each other. Teams in this time were not allowed to be mixed. It was either a white team or an African American team. After a few years, â€Å"in the North, the African American teams proved to be the best† (Gems). This allowed the blacks to feel like, for the first time, they were not completely and utterly below the whites.African Americans found hope and determination through the sport in a time where society was so cruel to them. These players also gave the game something that would change basketball forever. They added a â€Å"style of play that†¦emphasized speed, agility, superior jumping ability and creative ball handling which today are hallmarks of the game that millions of Americans love† (Logan). Due to their capabilities and the racial diversity the sport of basketball quickly saw, African Americans were widely respected and accepted in professional leagues in the North soon after its creation.Also, children learned a lot about racial equality through playing ball in their communities. Although kids in the neighborhood became friends, children of varying races didn’t talk much until they played basketball where â€Å"[children] played basketball together, black and white, without incident† (Kelley). The tension, of course, was not completely gone, but once the games began race was forgotten. Even today the sport brings all kinds of people together in all levels of competition. Women gained a lot as well from this sport. Through playing, women began to feel quality as they reached the same stardom as men who also played.Even early on, â€Å"women’s games were known for having a strong male fan base as well as entire families in attendance† (Milner). I t would have been very rare before this for women to be so supported by men, and the public in the general. Women before Naismith’s time had little to no rights and were very restricted to the things they could do that men also did. Being able to play in professional leagues with men was a very big step for their gaining of equality. Eventually, the WNBA was created, becoming the first professional women’s league of the four major U. S. sports.Many international links were formed through basketball as well. The originally American sport rapidly spread to all parts of the world where the game was loved. Worldwide leagues have since been created, spreading competition, as well as the sport’s popularity. The U. S. however, displayed global dominance in the sport right away. America won the first seven gold medals in Olympic basketball after the sport was added permanently in 1936 (Milner). This case of superiority added even more to America’s sense of pride and identity. Like everything else, basketball is not, by any means, perfect.There are some flaws with the sport that can be seen as very problematic. However, these issues are not in the slightest case unique and would be very hard to eliminate completely. Throughout the basketball world, minors who showcase special talent or potential are often victims of illegal action. Through gambling, recruiting, and scandals, these young athletes are the center of black-market professionalism caused by â€Å"corporate money funneled into amateur sports† (Wetzel introduction). All members involved in these leagues are sucked into the corruption.Teams, coaches, and whole universities are often sucked into the aftermath of a scandal. This puts a bad label on sometimes undeserving participants. The sport, and everything that comes with it, also puts a multitude of pressure on kids. Shoe, companies with high deals to offer, make children feel like they must cooperate in order to have their dreams come true. Teenagers become more focused on the money than the sport they love. These campaigns startle â€Å"college, high school, and even junior high school students with ongoing exploitation† (Wetzel introduction).These campaigns also cause for some major let-downs. Aspiring young players who see these ads and promises of fame and fortune work hard only to have their dreams crushed. Some advocates of this way of viewing the inside of basketball may say that society should be appalled. According to Dan Wetzel, this is â€Å"an important alarm to society that for too long has ignored the dark business behind amateur sports- and what it does to those who play them† (introduction). However, I don’t see this as an overwhelming, shocking issue. Crime like this happens everywhere, and in all sports.There in no way to ensure that this isn’t done. We should focus more on the bright side of this culture Naismith has given us and not pick out the negative s. Those young athletes who do make it symbolize everything that amateur players play for. They look back and admire where they’ve been and how they got to where they are. They are filled with admiration of their hard work, the choices they made, and the chances they took. Aside from personal benefit, the rest of society greatly benefits economically from the sport as a whole. Television ratings and ticket sales let towns and businesses prosper.The amount of events pertaining to the sport is a great device to keep money circulating through cities. Also, the big time stars that certain cities produce often give back to their communities. Charities such as NBA Cares donate to organizations everywhere. This game, this sport, this way of life to some, has so much sentimental value. Basketball teaches so many lifelong lessons that can be applied to anything one does in his or her time. The game â€Å"promotes teamwork, spirit, and helps get children active† (Carlo). These t hree ideas are critical and very behooving in a variety of professions as well as walks of life all across the world.Basketball also teaches people to never give up. Through adversity, you must keep fighting and pushing through to advance and help your team succeed. Quitting never helps, and if one works hard enough, he will reach his peak, much like Naismith learned. Another great thing this game gives us is friendship. Adults everywhere share camaraderie with one another based on friendships from high school or college which all began on a basketball court. In the words of former NBA player and United States congressman, Bill Bradley, â€Å"basketball is the gift that never stops giving. The game is full of great joy and great memory.Its invention needs to be celebrated. † Basketball remains one of the driving forces behind Americans through its enjoyment and the life lessons that it teaches. We owe a large part of our sense of pride and identity to Dr. James Naismith. His invention over a hundred and twenty years ago made a huge impact on life back then, as it does now. Without him and his creation, many things that many people take for granted would not be able to be enjoyed. Many of the paths he indirectly paved for this country, and its citizens, goes unnoticed. However, this invention changed our culture and society forever.

Baseball WWII

Examines the sport as a popular social patriotic glue. Looks at the decline of players quality and compares it to the game of WWI. Looks at the issues of players military service, attendance and owners views. Baseball was one of the most significant forms of popular culture in the United States at the time of the Second World War. It was, by far, the most popular sport in the country, and its stars were local and, often, national heroes. It was a truly national pastime, as professional teams from the large northeastern and midwestern cities competed with each other, minor league teams drew crowds in small towns all over the country, and radio listeners swelled the number of fans. A great body of popular lore had grown up around the subject, and the identification of baseball and American values had become axiomatic. As with any manifestation of popular culture, baseball both revealed and determined what American society valued most. But, when World War II arrived, it was inevitable that baseball would be hit much harder than other popular culture..

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Proposal Example The success stories of certain well-known multinational companies in China (facilitating growth in the nation) would serve as empirical evidences, whereby appropriate recommendations for the purpose of the desired research can be formulated (Bigler, 2001). The nations in the contemporary world always seek ways to experience growth in the long run. In early years, several economies had substantially progressed with the essence of capitalistic principles in business world, which primarily focused on various managerial methods that could help to enhance trade and commerce. However, since globalization, the degree of market competition has significantly increased in most of the nations. Without strategic management tools, companies in the current era will not be able to experience high level of business internationalization. This proves rationality of the dissertation as the primary focus is on the most required skills of strategic entrepreneurship in business, which if implemented, would surely enable companies to expand their businesses across the world. The important determinants that would help to better the open innovation, strategic assets and resource seeking activities in a firm would also be analyzed in the context of the paper. The worth of the paper is enhanced with incorporation of relevant case studies of certain multinational companies in China that empirically focus on the concerned research themes. Thus, information and analysis provided in the dissertation would help any modern corporation to successfully expand its business across the domestic boundaries. The entire research work would be accomplished on the basis of qualitative analysis. It is highly rational to utilize this method of research analysis as it is a highly flexible, superior and dynamic research approach. Unlike the case of quantitative research, qualitative research comprises a wider scope and scale of research work. The entire research

Oracle Database Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oracle Database Concepts - Assignment Example In invoice table (2NF), item price and item description are dependent on item alone and is independent of the invoice information. Thus invoice table is further reduced to 3NF by moving the independent fields to another table named ITEM as shown below: Thus the final design has 3 tables: CUSTOMER, ITEM, and INVOICE. Customer and Item are related to INVOICE using customer id and item id respectively as foreign keys. The new tables (reduced to 3NF) are shown below: The initial design for storing invoice information had a single table. All the information was stored on the single table. This created a lot of redundancy in the database. For example, if a customer purchases three quantity of 5 items, then the information for the customer has to be repeated for all 15 (3 * 5) rows. This not only creates redundant data but also increases the database size. Further, if the customer information changes, then all the rows have to be updated. This might create a lot of update anomalies. Though this sort of anomalies can be avoided by updating all rows by using customer id in the WHERE clause, there are chances for the presence of huge records for each customer in the invoice table. This may result in heavy updates and lowers the overall efficiency and throughput. After reduction to 2NF, though the data redundancy and update anomaly is eliminated to some extent, it still exists for item information. The information for items like item description and item price is purely dependent on ITEM id and not on invoice. This may again create redundancy and update anomalies. Hence the item information is moved to a new table thereby storing each business entity in separate tables. Thus, the new design that is reduced to 3NF eliminates redundancy and update anomalies and increases the overall efficiency.

Talent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Talent - Essay Example Talent individuals, whether they are employees or managers, know what they have to do in critical business situations. They don not become nervous in difficult situations, rather take logical steps to come out of such situations based on their precious knowledge, critical thinking ability, and talent. Talent is something that leads a company towards market domination and competitive edge. From the perspective of business, talent also refers to the ability of an employee to deliver good job performance. According to Wheeler, excellent talent refers to such individuals who produce above-average performances, whereas poor talent refers to those who produce less than average performances. I also possess such qualities or skills that I would call ‘talent’. For example, I can make good decisions even in critical conditions. Moreover, I have the ability to manage a large number of interrelated works in a systematic manner. Therefore, I would call myself as a talented

Development of Tourism in West London Assignment

Development of Tourism in West London - Assignment Example West London boasts many world class tourism assets and is a genuinely dynamic, vibrant and exciting place to visit. I believe this strategy will help West London to rise and meet the challenges ahead and I look forward to having the London Development Agency, West London Business, Visit London and the Boroughs work together to achieve the goals we have set here (London Development Authority, 2005). London's reputation as a world-class city is well-deserved. It is the place where the historic past and the vibrant present come alive. No other place in the world offers the range of sights, sounds and cultural diversity that London can boast. Visit London is passionate about London and we are committed to marketing all aspects of our great City. West London is a prime example of London's diversity. It is filled with a range of fascinating, multi cultural, enthralling destinations and products and it is this wide range of visitor experiences that will keep tourists coming back to London time and time again. The inception of this sub-regional tourism strategy is a positive step forward and we look forward to working in partnership with the London Development Agency and the sub-region to help to deliver the action plan (London Development Authority, 2005). West London - with a population of 1.4 million - is one of the most successful sub-regional economies in Europe with a 27 billion pound output. West London Business aims to sustain that success. A well established business-led organisation, West London Business is committed to supporting private and public sector interests in the sub-region and articulating their needs. The tourism and hospitality sectors make an important contribution to the West London economy and a dynamic tourism industry is an essential ingredient for continuing economic progress. West London offers a host of quality tourism and hospitality assets, which West London Business is keen to profile and promote. We are delighted, therefore, to be a key player in the implementation of this strategy. We look forward to working in partnership with the London Development Agency and Visit London to successfully deliver the actions that have been identified for the next two years (London Development Authority, 2005). Task 2 Question 2 Define a visioning (reference it) What is the vision outlined in this document 2-3 (sentences maximum) To develop London as an exemplary sustainable world city, based on interwoven themes: strong and diverse, long-term economic growth; social inclusion to give all Londoners the opportunity to share in London's future success; fundamental improvements in London's environment and use of resources. The following are the vision for the West London Tourism Development (London Development Authority, 2005): A Prosperous City , A City for People, An Accessible City, A Fair City and A Green City. Why is it necessary to vision It is necessary to have a vision because vision is the instrument in making a mission into a reality. Task 3 Question 3 What is the mission statement of the LDA (ONE sentence) The mission of

Regina Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Regina Company - Case Study Example d went on unidentified for a long period of time and it made the company create a good image of its success but this was not to go on since the company started experiencing losses when it could not keep up with the fraud. The auditors should have checked the financial records and also identify the source documents for every activity of Regina so as to determine if the figures were the same in all the receipts and the records maintained by Regina. 4. Since the auditors detected one ship-in-place transaction they ought to have acted independently and carry out a thorough investigation on the matter even after being told that there was no additional ship-in-place transaction as this is the duty of the auditor to ensure that dig deeper on the issue without trusting the people on the ground as they tend to conceal the truth. 5. The auditor is supposed to place little or no reliance on the client inquiries. The client is only supposed to answer questions when called upon to do so by the auditor and no opinion or suggestion should be taken from the client whatsoever. 6. The statement â€Å"why don’t you write something to get the stock up?† made by Sheelen to his financial analyst is inappropriate in the sense that it amounts to a fraud on the part of the company and also it is a way of conceal the true value of the company’s stocks from the innocent

Customer Service Operations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Customer Service Operations - Term Paper Example In order to carry out qualitative research into the issue, the essay will follow an investigative mode. In this regard, the paper will be based on the case study of ICICI which is a leading bank in Asia, with a strong focus on enhancing its international base as well. It started to operate under the name ICICI in 1994 and has gone on to become the second largest bank in India. (www.icici.com) My choice for this bank came from the fact that globalization is a major trend that has put various countries on the map in terms of trends and customer satisfaction. With a bank like ICICI, it will be easier to study progress from the perspective of a developing bank in terms if it model of customer support systems. In this regard, the literature I have made use of is exhaustive. To begin with, there are texts on customer satisfaction like A Chakrabarty's paper titled Barking up the wrong tree - Factors influencing customer satisfaction in retail banking in UK. This paper has important methodologies that are imperative for the measurement of customer satisfaction. Further, the Cruickshank Report is another important work by Don Cruickshank, which was published in March 2000, for the HM Treasury. This paper is important to the basic structure in terms of its notes on customer satisfaction and rising competition in this sector. In this regard, Morris' paper on the same theme is both a criticism as well as a summation of this paper which further helped evolve the conception and strategies for customer satisfaction i

Macroeconomics Commentary - Japans consumer prices fall on weak domestic demand Essay Example for Free

Macroeconomics Commentary Japans consumer prices fall on weak domestic demand Essay Japans consumer prices fall on weak domestic demand Japans consumer prices have fallen for the first time in four months, as weak domestic demand and deflation continue to weigh on growth. Core consumer prices, which exclude fresh food, slipped 0.1% in October, the statistics bureau said. One of the reasons for the fall is last years cigarette tax rise falling out of the calculations. The strong yen as well as Europes debt crisis are hurting the growth outlook for the worlds third-largest economy. Yen strength In March, Japan was hit by a devastating earthquake and tsunami that caused much damage in the north-east of the country. The government this week passed an emergency budget of $155bn (Â £100bn) to try to boost domestic demand, however the effects wont be felt for a few months. The data underscores the sluggishness of domestic demand, as the economys recovery has taken a breather because of a delay in reconstruction efforts and global economic slowdown, said Takeshi Minami from Norinchukin Research. Japans economy bounced back from recession, triggered by the earthquake and tsunami, in the three months to September. However, the pace is expected to slow because of the pressure on exporters from the strong yen, as well as the bleak global outlook of growth. Oil prices The slowing global economy has caused a decline in crude oil costs. That combined with the yens appreciation have made energy imports to Japan very cheap. Gasoline prices at the pumps have dropped 1% since September in Japan. The yen has advanced 6% against the dollar in the last six months. Some analysts said consumer prices in Japan could further decline as the slowing global economy continues to weigh on the price of oil. Deflation is a persistent fall in the average price level of prices in the economy. Japan experienced deflation where average level of price fell by 0.1%. The type of deflation in Japan is known as negative deflation which resulted from demand side of economy. A fall in domestic demand caused a decrease in consumer prices level and a decrease in real output. The fall in domestic demand was due to last years cigarette tax rise. Government rose cigarette tax to increased government revenue. Cigarette tax charged on producers instead of consumers. Tax increased the costs of production to producers. This shifted the supply curve form S1 to S2 while the demand curve did not change. Cigarette tax depressed the activity of market and placed a wedge. Producers gained less profit and consumers paid more. Hence the total quantity reduced from Q1 to Q2, as figure shown below. Tax charged on producers equilibrium without rising tax The increases in price that consumers paid reduced the willingness to buy. The demand curve shifted to left from D to D1 as figure shown below. Hence the quantity demanded reduced from Q2 to Q3 and price of cigarette reduced from P2 to P4. Tax affects demand indirectly Less quantity demanded of cigarette means less quantity sold at the price lower than without tax. Therefore even lower government revenue collected. What have discussed above would repeat itself as a cycle if Japan government continues to rising cigarette tax. The results of higher cigarette tax combined with several other factors together to reduce the aggregate demand in Japan market. The economy was near full employment level of output, with a small amount of spare capacity. The figure below indicated that as aggregate demand curve shifted to left, the quantity of output and average price level reduced. Demand-pull deflation The biggest problem associated with deflation is unemployment. If aggregate demand is low, business is likely to lay off workers. In fact, Japan already had unemployment rate around 4.7%. High unemployment rate linked with high suicide rate and other security uncertainties. Government tried to correct deflation and to reduce rate of unemployment by means of pass an emergency budget of $155 billion to boost domestic demand. However, the aim will not be fulfilled in short-run. Japan is a developed country. There are periods of rising growth, followed by periods of slowing growth, and falling growth in developed countries. This is known as business cycle which is the periodic fluctuations in economic activity measured by changes in real GDP. The phases of business cycle are boom, recession, trough and recovery. Recession is two consecutive quarters of negative GDP growth. During a recession, consumption and investment fall. Falling aggregate demand leads to unemployment. If more people are unemployed, there will be even less consumption and deflation. At some point the recession came to an end. Output cannot continue to fall as there would be some people with jobs to maintain consumption, foreigners demand exporters and government spending. Japans economy bounced back from recession and started to recovery, triggered by earthquake, from June to September. The real GDP started to increase as government running budget for reconstruction and medical treatments after earthquake. However, the pace of recovery tends to be very slow as a result of the appreciation of yen. The yen has appreciated 6% against dollar in the last six months. Appreciation of yen against dollar means the purchasing power of yen has risen. However, appreciation of yen against dollar occurs at the same time as the depreciation of dollar. An exchange rate is value of one currency expressed in terms of another currency. One of the disadvantages of a high exchange rate is damage to export industries. If value of exchange rate is high, then export industries find it is difficult to sell products because foreigners are likely to reduce the quantity imported since goods become more expensive. Therefore, lower the revenue from exports, slower the pace of recovery. The fell of average price level (deflation) can also be explained by the high exchange rate. When value of exchange rate is high, price of imports will be relatively low. Taken import of oil as an example, the gasoline prices have dropped 1% since September. In addition, price of imported raw materials will reduce the costs of production for firms which could lead to lower prices for consumers. Low price of imported goods also puts pressure on domestic producers to be competitive by keeping prices low. Japan’s government could lower the value of yen by means of buy foreign currencies on foreign exchange markets. Government uses its own yen to buy hence increases supply of yen on foreign exchange market and so lowers its exchange rate. Lower the level of domestic interest rates could lower the value of yen too. This will cause financial investment abroad more attractive. In order to invest abroad, investors will buy foreign currency thus exchanging their own currency and increasing supply of it on financial exchange market. This could lower its exchange rate.

Mobile Phone Distribution Comparison: US and Myanmar

Mobile Phone Distribution Comparison: US and Myanmar INTRODUCTION It is not only the lives of individuals had been changed since the introduction of mobile phones, but also the future of the telecommunication sector. From a person informs his or her friends about changing in plans or dealing an international business with client or even a victim ask for help when something bad happens. Mobile phones are really important in today’s society. The boundaries of space, time and size had been narrowed down through the growth of the wireless communication sector. In the Americas region, there is a continuous growth and more than 50 percent of penetration rates in the South and Central America in mobile sector. While there are about 30 percent penetration rates in Peru, Honduras, Costa Rica, Bolivia and Nicaragua. On the other side, Argentina and Chile had 80 and 76 percent of penetration rates respectively. While in Asia-Pacific region, Myanmar and Kiribati had extremely low mobile phones penetration rate, which is 1 percent. In Taiwan, Singapore, Macao, Hong Kong and Australia, the penetration rate are 90 percent. There is average of 6.3 million new mobile subscribers in India every month in 2006. Moreover, 43 percent of Asia- Pacific mobile market is belongs to China with a penetration rates of 35 percent. The purpose of this paper is to find out why there is a big gap between the mobile network system of the United States and Myanmar. Myanmar was chosen because it has a very low mobile penetration level and Myanmar has only 9% out of 60 million people have mobile phones. This research question will emphasis on the distribution and segmentation of the medium in both United States and Myanmar, ownership, national regulatory structures, socio-economic origins and functions of mobile phones in today’s society. MAIN BODY DISTRIBUTION AND SEGMENTATION OF MOBILE NETWORK IN MYANMAR AND UNITES STATES Distribution of mobile network in Myanmar The telecommunications sector in Myanmar is under developed. Figure 2 shows that the mobile phone coverage serves just 10% of the population in Myanmar. There are more than 55,000 villages in Myanmar are still without mobile service. The government targets to reach 75 to 80 percent of mobile penetration in 2016. Figure 3 illustrates that only 0.8 per 100 habitants have a mobile phone subscription in Myanmar. Distribution of mobile network in United States While in United States, the biggest mobile network provider – Verizon had covers over 95% of the population by 4G LTE. Figure 4 illustrates the coverage of 4G LTE of Verizon in United States. There is a very big difference between the mobile network coverage of United States and Myanmar. Myanmar has a very low mobile phones penetration rates due to the poor mobile network coverage. Segmentation of mobile phones in Myanmar Nandar said that â€Å"two foreign firm Ooredoo and Telenor has tap in Myanmar has invested to improve their communication. While other country is enjoying the technology of cameras, trendiness and personalizing their own phone, Myanmar is still concern of their phone keyboard for Myanmar language.† Maierbrugger stated that Myanmar is still the stage to expand their mobile services. Based on the latest statistic, stated that only 5.4 million of Myanmar’s 60 million populations have cell phones. SIM cards used to be $160, but are now slowly being reduced with the help of foreign mobile companies. Segmentation of mobile phones in United States Based on comScore Networks research, their national panel survey concluded that there are three age-related segments. First is â€Å"The Cellular Generation†. They are aged from 18 to 24; this generation was born with mobile phone awareness, growing up with mobile phones. Second age-related segment is called â€Å"Transitioners†. They are mainly aged from 25 to 34 because this group falls into two particular segments which are those who grew up with mobile phone awareness and those who did not. Finally the third group is known as â€Å"Adult Adopters†. This group is aged 35 or older and they are not aware of phone until adulthood. They showed the least interest in emerging technologies. Figure above showing the result for cell phone attitudes by consumer segment for the year 2006. OWNERSHIP Ownership of mobile networks in Myanmar There are only two mobile network providers in Myanmar, they are the Myanma Posts and Telecommunications and Yatanarpon Teleport. â€Å"The Myanma Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the main provider of telecommunication services in Myanmar. MPT is operating under the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs.† â€Å"In order to fulfil the demand for data communication services for the business and IT industry, Yatanarpon Teleport (YTP) was established in September 2002.† Song stated in International Business Times that â€Å"MPT and YTP only cover less than 10 percent of the network coverage in Myanmar. In June 2013, Qatars Ooredoo and Norway’s Telenor won contracts to develop the mobile network in the country†. Chun and Mahtani stated in the Wall Street Journal that â€Å"Ooredoo and Telenor will become the first foreign telecommunications operators in Myanmar. After decades of military rule in Myanmar, it welcomes the foreign investment to its once tightly controlled telecom sector by awarding the telecom licenses.† Ownership of mobile networks in United States While in United States, there are 14 mobile network providers. The four main providers are Verizon Wireless, ATT Mobility, Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US. â€Å"Verizon Communications Inc., based in New York City was formed on June 30, 2000, with the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp.† â€Å"ATT Mobility is a wholly owned subsidiary of ATT Inc. ATT provides wireless services to 109.4 million subscribers in the United States.† â€Å"Sprint Corporation is a major global Internet carrier and also provides wireless service. SoftBank Corporation owned majority shares of the company.† â€Å"T-Mobile US, Inc. is an American wireless networks operator, headquartered in Bellevue, Washington. Deutsche Telekom AG maintains a 67% ownership of T-Mobile US, Inc. common stock.† NATIONAL REGULATORY STRUCTURES Spectrum scarcity is the main regulatory issue arising from the mobile network markets. Regulators have to allocate the spectrum rights with care to ensure the growth and efficiency in the market. The mobile network markets of United States and Myanmar are different as they have different number of operators and regulatory structures. National regulatory structures in Myanmar â€Å"The Telecoms Law in Myanmar stated that â€Å"access and interconnection provided by a licensee†¦ shall be on an equitable and non-discriminatory basis and shall not be of lower technical standard and quality than the technical standard or quality provided in the licensee’s own network facilities or network services†. The regulator have the power to negotiate interconnection with the licensees or even share the facilities that cannot be proficiently replicated. The interconnection agreement and the procedure for referring and resolving disagreement are being concluded when the draft regulations go on to specify period. However, it is unseen that how Myanmar practice these rules, but in writing Myanmar will have an international regime with other countries which are in best practice. The next concern is the public availability of licensing criteria. Myanmar had awarded two national mobile licences to Ooredoo and Telenor. The process was open and transparent with more than 90 bidders participating. In both the draft licensing guidelines and the law, the outline for the additional licences is clearly stated. The draft regulations had provided the licensing criteria, timeline and licence terms and it meet the requirements.† National regulatory structures in United States In United States, the mobile service started as a government-licensed duopoly with licenses extending over urban areas and later to rural service areas. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) achieved this by transferring the 115 MHz of spectrum into mobile uses. There are many operators owned the licenses but soon consolidation happened within the industry by mergers and acquisitions. FCC gives the permission to Fleet Call, a new company to penetrate the market by selling the special mobile radio licenses and convert them to cellular use in 1992, because Fleet Call offered to make better use of the spectrum. Then, an advance mobile communication- Personal Communications System (PCS) was invented. The licences for PCS con only be obtained through a government auction. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORIGINS AND FUNCTIONS OF MEDIUM IN TODAY’S SOCIETY Socio Economic Origins in Myanmar Ever since Ooredoo and Telenor invested in Myanmar, there are numerous benefits which the country obtained. The overall economic effect of mobile sector in Myanmar is estimated to increase by 1.5-7.4 percent of gross domestic products (GDP) in the first 3 years after the licenses are issued. There will be an impact on the employment rate in Myanmar for mobile sector, estimated over 66,000 will be employed as full-time employees. Figure above explains both direct and indirect employment rate of mobile value chain. Productivity of workers increased for the past 3 years because of the effect of mobile communication. This is mainly caused by the information flow between seller and buyer, decrease in time for travelling, and the possibility to access in new areas in Myanmar. For example, agriculture sector, fisherman or farmers could quickly be notified about the price change in the market so that they could alter their plans. It is forecasted that Mobile Network Operator (MNO) gives various benefits to the supply side of economy in Myanmar via the direct impact of their outflow. As for the social impacts of mobile phone in Myanmar, the development of Myanmar’s community interpersonal and family communication will be improved. Moreover, isolated areas could be reached with the support of mobile phones. Hence isolation will be reduced. Socio Economic Origins in United States The mobile phone sector for United States brought a deep impact in the economy. Figure 6 shows that United States mobile phone industry has created 3.8 million directly and indirectly. An increment of 200,000 employments and this could conclude that an increase of 2.6% of all US employment. Furthermore, the phone industry with its direct and indirect workers has paid over $88.6 billion in taxes, as well as the federal, state and local fees. Moreover, mobile phone sector, it contributed $1.739 billion to US GDP from year 2011 to 2012. Moreover, an increase in government revenues as much $468 million and the employment rate also increased by 7,000. Figure 6 shows that the employment created by wireless industry in the United States in year 2011. Function of medium in today’s society The mobile phones clearly shows the priorities and values of our culture. Firstly, the mobile phones reveal the culture of constant communication. It is important for today’s society to stay connected with their family, friends and colleagues. People are able to call anyone with a mobile phone no matter where it is except for those areas that do not have mobile network coverage. Another concern of people purchase mobile phones is for safety reason. Mobile phones keep people feeling safe through being connected. Imagine someone stuck on a dark road with an empty gas tank or a flat tire and the person does not have a mobile phone to ask for help. The person might have wait for someone that pass by or start walking in the dark. Besides, this is a dangerous world, anything could happen. A mobile phone is needed for us to get help when we need it most. Another cultural priority of today’s society is reflected by the mobile phones, which is technology. We are living in a society that continuously searching for the â€Å"new and improved† technology. Mobile phones was very big and clunky objects that got very poor reception and not reliable. And now it transformed to a mobile phones that able to fit in our pocket and have many technological abilities that are important to todays society. After all, mobile phones are really extremely important in today’s society. CONCLUSION The purpose of this paper is to search for the reason why there is a big gap between the mobile network system of the United States and Myanmar. After the analysis, the main reason that the weak mobile network system in Myanmar is because of the military has the control of the whole telecommunications system. Myanmar did not open to other countries to invest in the telecommunications sector until 2013. However, the main concern of people getting a mobile phone is to look for safety, status, or service. Both United States and Myanmar need to invest in its infrastructure with proper regulatory measures to ensure they the people in the country could enjoy the best facilities.

Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication Essay -- Communication

When communicating, only a small percent of the exchange is verbal. The larger part of the message is made up of body language or movements, known as nonverbal communication. The reason for people using nonverbal communication is to enhance the message they are sending to the receiver. One way nonverbal communication differs is through cultural differences. Cultural differences have a significant impact on nonverbal communication as cultures differ greatly in their nonverbal interpretations and responses. Firstly, this essay will prove how kinesics can create barriers between people as types of nonverbal cues differ amongst cultures. It will then show that paralinguistics can be based on cultural expectations and this can create stereotyping in cross-cultural communication. Turning to haptics, it will then show that different perspectives on haptics can cause problems in a cross-cultural context. Finally, it will prove that because of different cultural norms, the use of proxemics can be misinterpreted, therefore proving that cultural differences have a significant impact on nonverbal communication. Kinesics refers to the study of body movements; an understanding of kinesics across culture requires a close look at posture, movement, facial expression, eye contact, and gestures (Tyler, Kossen & Ryan 2005). Particular kinesics do not signify the same meaning for all cultures, the meaning of any kinesics depends on the culture of the expresser and the observer. Kinesics varies from culture to culture; these differences can cause barriers between people from different cultures, it can also create barriers between two countries. For example, Bill Richardson tells of a time when he went to Iraq to negotiate the release of two U.S... ...Cited Delgado, R & Kobayashi, T 2011. Proceedings of the Paralinguistic Information and its Integration in Spoken Dialogue Systems Workshop. 1st ed. Springer. Richmond, V & McCroskey, J 2011. Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations. 7th ed. Allyn & Bacon. Knapp, M & Hall, J 2009. Communication in Human Interaction. 7th ed. Wadsworth Publishing. Laver, J, 1994. Principles of Phonetics . Cambridge University Press. Remland, M, 2008. Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life . 3rd ed. Allyn & Bacon. Hall, E, 1990. The Hidden Dimension. Anchor. Tyler, S, Kossen, C & Ryan, C 2002, Communication: A foundation Course, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Hall, E, 1990. Understanding cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans. Nicholas Brealey Publishing . Harper, R, 1978. Nonverbal communication: The State of the Art. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Titanic - Story :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Titanic - Story Hello, my name is Richard Peterson, I am travelling first class, on the Titanic from Ireland, I am moving to New York because I want to make something out of my deep interest in motorcars. I am travelling with my Wife - Mary, Mum - Jean, and brother - John. On the evening of 11th April 1912 at about 11 O'clock I was having a cup of tea with my wife in our cabin when we felt a rather large shudder. We didn't think much of it at the time as we thought that is could have been anything. Room service knocked at my door requesting to take our rubbish, this was when we asked her what the shudder was. She said, "Don't worry, it was only the propeller hitting a small rock, we just stopped the engines to check that they are ok." About a quarter of an hour later a crew member came to our cabin and told us to get our life jackets of and to report up to top deck as soon as possible, this is when both my wife and I started to get a bit worried. As instructed we reported to top deck, but on the way up we were asked the man who made the ship what had happed. He said, "We only have 2 hour at the most, I'm afraid to admit, my ships going to sink." We knew we didn't have much time but enough to easily get on to a lifeboat. So we went back to our cabin and rushed down a cup of tea to stop us from dehydrating as we didn't know how long it would take for another boat to pick us up. Then we went to the restaurant as got some biscuits for us and the other people which would be on our life boat. With only having 1 hour to spare we rushed as quick as we could to the top deck, we looked everywhere but couldn't find a life boat, then when we got to the other side of the deck we found a lifeboat, we cued up for it, we waited about ten minutes until it got to us, then finally we were one of the last four people to get of the lifeboat, we were cramped up, there were forty people on our lifeboat. After about half an hour we were terrified, as we were watching the

There Are No Children Here Essays: Style -- There are No Children Here

Style of There Are No Children Here There Are No Children Here In Kotlowitz's description of the harsh realities of the Chicago projects, three stylistic elements stand out: his precise narration, his bluntness, and his questionable objectivity. These three elements blend to form a unique style that is particularly well-suited for There Are No Children Here. If there is one thing on which critics agree when discussing this book, it is that Kotlowitz is a brilliant narrator. He has a keen eye for the daily particulars of this dangerous neighborhood. Adding to this strength is the fact that he spent years in one particular Chicago project, earning the trust of his informants. What ensues is a story that is told masterfully. Kotlowitz conveys not only the hardships that Lafeyette and Pharaoh face, but the effect of those hardships on the boys, as well. For example, after the two children dive under cover during a drive-by shooting, both are visibly affected. The younger brother, Pharaoh, laments, "I worry about dying, dying at a young age." The older of the two, Lafeyett...

Organisation Study at Minar Ispat PVT LTD Essay

Mr.Muhammed shafi, the managing Director of â€Å"Minar group† of companies with its corporate office at palakkad, Kerala, India mainly engaged in manufacture and supply of various steel and allied products in the country for the past decade and a half .markets its products in the country through a wide dealers network. Beside Steel Industries, Minar group is an also engaged field like Construction, Education, Health, etc Minar ispat (p) ltd,an ISO 9001:2000 certified company in the year 2006 at anakuzhikkara p.o,kuttikatoor ,Kozhikode, and Kerala, India is engaged in manufacturing and marketing of high quality Cold Twisted Deformed(CTD) Bars and Rods and Thermo Mechanical Treated (TMT) Bars Quality M.S Ingots. They ensure their quality through ONLINE COMPUTER CONTROLLED QUENCHING BOX manufactured and erected by M/s RA TMT Bangalore whose technology is approved by the auditors of CRM(Centre For Research in Metallurgy) Belgium for using the â€Å"TEMPCORE† Trade Mark for their products i.e., the license/trade mark issued to the products quality (quality parameters)confirming to the international standards. STRENGTHS The company has obtained ISO 9001-2000 certification Centralized management Good training system Good organizational climate Excellent infrastructure for manufacturing the products Skilled employees Availability of iron ore Availability of labour at low wage rates OPPORTUNITIES High demand of product Introduction of promotional activities Expansion of distributional areas Unexplored rural market Export penetration THREATS Competition from other manufacturers Raw material cost is high and increasing Transportation cost is high Slow industry growth Technological changes Price sensitivity and demand volatility FINDINGS,CONCLUSIONS,SUGGESTIONS FINDINGS Minar ispat pvt ltd produced high quality goods with QC techniques. High competition in the field of steel industry The working environment is very risky The use of TMT technology made great impact on the sales volume The Minar Ispat Pvt Ltd ‘main sales promotion tool is Advertisement through television. The Minar Pvt Ltd has been working with an efficient organizational structure The organization is now showing a profitable position Minar Ispat Pvt Ltd, showing an excellent operational efficiency in all areas. The performance of the Minar is exemplary in market compared to other similar institution. The accounting system is fully computerized. SUGGESTIONS The organization should recruit fresh candidates by imparting necessary training and development so that fresh ideas can be implemented. The organization should try to maintain a better working environment. Implement innovative marketing. Appoint a market research team to know the day change in the market and product. So as to compete with there competitors, the company should improve their quality products by introducing modern technology. This will improve the quality of their products. The organization should give promotion to the workers on the basis of their performance. Consider the employees suggestion  while taking decision in the organization. To keep daily maintenance in the organization. More advertisement technique should used for increasing sales volume. CONCLUSION This industrial training has been completed within frame work laid down in the objective of the study. This study has depicted the overall performance of the organization and its efficiency. From the analysis, it is clear that the organization has been working under the efficient organizational structure. The study is indicating the production activities, financial, performance, operational efficiency, HR activities etc.from the analysis it is clear that the organization follow a good system of organizational efficiency and effectiveness.

An investigation on the development of car safety and the importance of airbags Essay

Chemistry experiment to simulate the inflation of an airbag in case of a car crash Aim Our aim is to create a chemical reaction to demonstrate the rapid inflation used in automobiles. The inflation of an airbag is a very fast reaction, and the typical reactants used are a mixture of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Potassium nitrate (KNO3) and Silicon dioxide. When a car crash occurs a sensor in the car’s airbag triggers the reaction that will save the drivers life if the speed at which he is moving is greater than 16-24 km/h-1. The nitrogen has to be produces more quickly than the driver hitting the steering wheel. The entire reaction is completed in less than 1/25 of 1 sec, because of the danger of this reaction, to demonstrate in a similar way the reaction that takes place in an airbag we have chosen to inflate a balloon using the gas obtained by the reaction of a metal acid to produce sodium carbonate. Equation Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) = Ca(aq) + (g) + O(l) Materials -Conical Flask -Cork with delivery tube -heat mats -spatula -chemicals (baking soda) – goggles (safety glasses) Procedure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Gather all apparatus needed for the entire experiment à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Set up all apparatus à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Pour CaCo3 into the conical flask à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Add the HCl to the solution already in the conical flask à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Cover the flask with a cork delivery tube which will then allow to blow up the balloon à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Observe the reaction Conclusion Our experiment was successful in proving the function of an airbag of a car. Our experiment aimed to demonstrate the safety of the passengers of an automobile, through the use of an airbag. For our chemistry experiment we chose to adapt the airbag inflation to our IB program syllabus, hence by doing an experiment similar to the one we had already successfully completed during the school year. was the element produced that mainly inflated the balloon, the reaction took place almost immediately. Hence, we have experimented the chemical reaction of a metal acid that produced Sodium Carbonate and inflated a balloon, the reaction was similar to the inflation of an airbag, proving the same chemistry principles. Research Question: How airbags managed to improve automobile safety. Introduction: The development of airbags began with the idea for a system that would save automobile drivers and passengers in a car accident, whether they were wearing their seat belts or not. Nowadays, airbags are compulsory in new cars and are designed to act as a supplementary safety device in addition to a seat belt. Airbags were invented in 1953. The automobile industry started in the late 1950’s to research airbags and soon discovered that there were many difficulties in the development of an airbag. Crash tests showed that for an airbag to be useful as a protective device, the bag must deploy and inflate within 40 milliseconds. The system must also be able to detect the difference between a severe crash and a minor fender-bender. These technological difficulties slowed the airbag creation process of 30 years, and in fact, it was in the mid 1980s that airbags started to be installed in all cars produced. In recent years, increased reports in the media concerning deaths or serious injuries due to airbag deployment have led to a national discussion about the usefulness and â€Å"safety† of airbags. Questions are being raised as to whether airbags should be mandatory, and whether their safety can be improved. However, as Graph 1 and 2 demonstrate, airbags have saved lives and have lowered the number of severe injuries. Graph 1 This bar graph shows that there is a significantly higher reduction in moderate to serious head injuries for people using airbags and seat belts together than for people using only seat belts. Graph 2 Deaths among drivers using both airbags and seat belts are 26% lower than among drivers using seat belts alone. An airbag must be able to deploy in a matter of milliseconds from the initial collision impact. It must also be prevented from deploying when there is no collision. Hence, the first component of the airbag system is a sensor that can detect head-on collisions and immediately trigger the airbag’s deployment. One of the simplest designs employed for the crash sensor is a steel ball that slides inside a smooth bore. The ball is held in place by a permanent magnet or by a stiff spring, which inhibit the ball’s motion when the car drives over bumps or potholes. However, when the car decelerates very quickly, as in a head-on crash, the ball suddenly moves forward and turns on an electrical circuit, initiating the process of inflating the airbag. Once the electrical circuit has been turned on by the sensor, a pellet of sodium azide (NaN3) is ignited. A rapid reaction occurs, generating nitrogen gas (N2). This gas fills a nylon or polyamide bag at a velocity of 150 to 250 miles per hour. This process, from the initial impact of the crash to full inflation of the airbags, takes only about 40 milliseconds (Movie 1). Ideally, the body of the driver (or passenger) should not hit the airbag while it is still inflating. In order for the airbag to cushion the head and torso with air for maximum protection, the airbag must begin to deflate as the body hits it. Otherwise, the high internal pressure of the airbag would create a surface as hard as stone, a device that wouldn’t result useful to the passenger or driver. Evaluation: The kinetic theory of gases assumes that gases are ideal, thus that there are no interactions between molecules, and the size of the molecules is small compared to the free space between the molecules, but molecules are as a physical body that moves continually through space in random directions. In a microscopic view, the pressure exerted on the walls of the container is the result of molecules colliding with the walls, and hence exerting force on the walls (Graph 3). When many molecules hit the wall, a large force is distributed over the surface of the wall, which gives pressure. An important fact derived from the kinetic theory of gases shows that the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules depends only on the temperature. Since average kinetic energy is related to the average speed of the molecules (EK = mu2 / 2, where m=mass and u is the average speed), the temperature of a gas sample must be related to the average speed at which the molecules are moving. Thus, we can view temperature as a measure of the random motion of the particles, defined by the molecular speeds. This implies that there must be a range (distribution) of speeds for the system. In fact, there is a typical distribution of molecular speeds for molecules of a given molecular weight at a given temperature, known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution (Graph 3). This distribution was first predicted using the kinetic theory of gases, and was then verified experimentally using a time-of-flight spectrometer. As shown by the Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions in Graph 3, there are very few molecules traveling at very low or at very high speeds. The maximum of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution shows the intermediate speed at which the largest number of molecules are traveling. As the temperature increases, the number of molecules that are traveling at high speeds increases, and the speeds become more evenly distributed in the curves. Graph 3 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution can be shown graphically as the plot of the number of molecules traveling at a given speed versus the speed. As the temperature increases, this curve broadens and extends to higher speeds. As seen in Graph 3, there is a unique distribution curve for each temperature. Temperature is defined by a system of gaseous molecules only when their speed distribution is a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Any other type of speed distribution rapidly becomes a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution by collisions of molecules, which transfer energy. Once this distribution is achieved, the system is said to be at thermal equilibrium, and hence has a temperature. When a body hits the steering wheel directly, the force of this impact is distributed over a small area of the body, resulting in injuries to this area. The area that hits the steering wheel is shown in red. When a body is restrained by an airbag, the force of the impact is distributed over a much larger area of the body, resulting in less severe injuries. The area that hits the airbag is shown in orange. Conclusion:The law of inertia, is demonstrated in a car collision and it is Newton’s first law which states that: objects moving at a constant velocity continue at the same velocity unless an external force acts upon them. When a car stops suddenly, as in a car incident, a body inside the car continues moving forward at the same velocity as the car was moving prior to the collision, because its inertial tendency is to continue moving at constant velocity. However, the body does not continue moving at the same velocity for long, but rather comes to a stop when it hits some object in the car, such as the steering wheel or dashboard. Thus, there is a force exerted on the body to change its velocity. Injuries from car accidents result when this force is very large. Airbags protect you by applying a restraining force to the body that is smaller than the force the body would experience if it hit the dashboard or steering wheel suddenly, and by spreading this force over a larger area. For simplicity, in the discussion below, we will consider only the case of a driver hitting the steering wheel. If there is a restraining device as an airbag, the force of impact decreases, hence, the airbag reduces the rate of deceleration. Therefore, the force on the body is smaller and fewer injuries result. When an airbag restrains the body, the body exerts an equal and opposite force on the airbag. Unlike the immovable steering wheel, the airbag is deflated slowly. This deflation can occur because of the presence of vents in the bag. The force exerted by the body pushes the gas through the vents and thus deflates the bag. Because the gas can only leave at a certain rate, the bag deflates slowly. Additionally, airbags help reduce injuries by spreading the force over a larger area. If the body crashes directly into the steering wheel, all the force from the steering wheel will be applied to a localized area on the body that is the size of the steering wheel, from which a serious injury can form. However, when the body hits an airbag, which is larger than a steering wheel, all the force from the airbag on the body will be spread over a larger area of the body. Therefore, the force on any particular point on the body is smaller. Hence, less serious injuries will occur, this will also help to save the driver’s and passenger’s life. This is how a simple chemical equation avoids the deaths of millions. Physic’s Experiment Investigating safety on cars Introduction As cars became increasingly powerful and fast, rate of incidents increased exponentially and, usually more violent. This meant, over the years, a constant research and development of new security measures, and even nowadays more and more new systems are introduced every day. This development gave birth to what we now consider to be the basic requirements of any safe car, such as seat belts, air bags and crumple zones. Crumple zones The structures that in cars are commonly known as crumple zones are areas placed on the front and usually on the rear of a vehicle that are designed to absorb energy during impact in a predictable and controlled way. In the late 1950s, the general population still believed that the stronger the structure of a car, the safer that car would be during an incident. Actually, however, this kind of construction criteria proved to be fatal to most passengers. This is because during a collision all the energy of the impact went directly to the vehicle and onto the passengers. In 1967, the Mercedes Heckflosse was the first mass production car in the world to feature â€Å"crumple zones† and a safety cage. In order to fit appropriate crumple zones, the truck was made almost 50% bigger. Nowadays car featuring crumple zones and rigid cabs are standard safety requirements in almost every car made throughout the world. The fact that a car that crushes more easily protects its passengers more than a car that does not crush at all, may seem strange, but, in fact, the reason for this seem obvious when considering the physics behind it. Newton’s first law states that a body will remain at rest or continue travelling at uniform motion (constant velocity) unless a force is acted on it. Therefore, in a situation in which a car is impacting with a wall, if a vehicle is travelling at 70 km/h, the passengers inside are doing the same, and when the vehicle collides with the wall and comes to a sudden stop, the passengers’ bodies will continue going in the same direction at the same speed, 70 km/h. As stated in the law, these bodies will keep on moving forward until they themselves collide with a part of the car or with another passenger. Even when the human body comes to rest in this kind of incident, its internal organs slam against each other and against bones. This will, of course cause, injuries to the passengers and sometimes even death. Newton’s second law of motion states that: The law conveys that as the time taken by the car to arrive to complete rest increases, the force transferred to the car and, therefore its passengers, will be decreased. On the other hand, if the amount of time to reach complete halt is decreased, the force experienced will be greater. Crumple zones are specifically designed in order to crush, absorbing part of the force of the collision. The force of the collision is given out during the impact in the form of heat, sound and in from of mechanical work done on the crumple zone. The front (and rear) part of the car acts as a cushion and it is able to increase the time taken to reach complete halt and, hopefully, save the passengers’ lives. However crumple zones only work provided there is no intrusion on external elements, like the engine, in the rigid cage. This concept can be easily explained thought a simply example. Take for instance two object, the first is a solid steel block, while the second is an aluminium can. When the solid steel block (or car with no crumple zones) impacts with the wall, the wall does not move and, instead, exerts an equal magnitude and opposite direction force on the block. This causes the block to bounce off the wall in an elastic manner, conserving almost all its initial kinetic energy (EK) and, therefore, experiencing a large force. On the other hand when considering the aluminium can, the situation is different. When an aluminium can (or a car with crumple zones) impacts with a wall, it does not conserve all of its initial kinetic energy (EK). This is because, instead of just bouncing off, some of the kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical work, heat and sound , during the squashing of the crumple zones. The result is a smaller force acted on the can. The action of crumple zones increases the time of collision and lessens the amount of force experienced by the aluminium can. Specific materials As seen in the previous section, the material with which different parts of the vehicle are built are of primary importance. Depending on how we want specific parts of the car to behave, specific material must be chosen. For instance, crumple zones are expected to crush easily, while the inner rigid cage is supposed to withstand higher forces without braking. Based on this information we can determine that the best material to build a crumple zone is an easily bendable metal like aluminium, instead for the rigid cage, a much harder alloy like steel. Alloys are partial or complete solid solutions of one or more elements (metallic or/and non-metallic) in a metallic lattice. Alloys usually present different properties from those of the elements composing them. Alloying one metal with one or more metals or non-metals often improves the properties of the starting elements. For instance, when considering steel we can see how this alloy is stronger than its primary element, iron (Fe). Even though physical properties, such as density, reactivity, electrical and thermal conductivity, of the alloy does not differ inn great amount from those of its constituent elements, engineering properties such as tensile strength and shear strength can differ considerably. The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress (measured in Newton) that it can tolerate before it tears to parts. The shear strength, instead, is the ability of the material to resist shear stress. The increase in both tensile strength and shear strength are usually due to the sizes of the atoms in the alloy. Larger atoms in the alloy apply a compressional stress on neighbouring atoms, and smaller atoms apply a tensional stress on their neighbours. This particular composition of alloys helps to resist deformation when a strong force is applied on it. Even when the amounts of each element in an alloy are altered slightly, this presents huge differences in physical engineering properties and behaviour. For instance, very small amounts of carbon (C) (between 0.2% and 2.1%) are added to iron (Fe) and act as hardening agents preventing dislocation of the iron atoms. From the image on the left it is possible to see how the atoms of carbon (A) place in between the atoms of iron (B), preventing the sliding of the layers of iron atoms. However, in case the amount of carbon was excessive, this would have the opposite effect, causing the iron to be brittle and break easily. Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metallic elements. The first alloy ever discovered was bronze, it was made of copper and tin, and was discovered during the prehistoric period known as the bronze age. It was originally used to make tools and weapons, but later it has been used for ornaments, bells, statues, and bearings. Video of crash tests Investigating the effectiveness on crumple zones during a frontal collision SUV Mass of the trolley/kg Distance from the wall /m Time taken/s Distance travelled after collision/m Detailed history of the airbag production Invented at the start of the 1950s, it only came to wide use during the 1960s. Air bag-equipped cars have demonstrated, both in controlled tests and everyday use, their effectiveness and reliability (in frontal collisions, deaths for drivers, were lowered by 28 percent in vehicles featuring air bags). In order to answer to the increased of safety concerns of the consumers, the federal government has forced all car manufacturers to upgrade the safety features installed on their cars. The Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations require that all cars sold in the US, being produced starting from year 1990, had to feature a passive restraint system. Passive restraint systems are security systems that require no activation by the driver and usually are identified to be automatic seat belts and air bags. For air bags, until year 1994 the regulations only require a driver’s air bag and must include passive protection on the passenger’s side (seatbelts). Later, in 1991, a new law required both driver and passenger air bags in all cars by year 1998 and in light trucks and vans by year 1999. Air bags are inflatable cushions designed to protect car passengers from serious or even fatal injury in case of a collision. The air bag is part of a system, also known as an air cushion restraint system (ACRS) or an air bag supplemental restraint system (SRS) (they are called supplemental because the air bag is designed to supplement the protection of seat belts). When detecting a collision, the air bags inflate instantly to provide the passenger with a big gas-filled cushion. A typical air bag system consists of an air bag module (containing an inflator or gas generator and an air bag), crash sensors, a diagnostic monitoring unit, a steering wheel connecting coil, and an indicator lamp. These components are all interconnected by a wiring harness and powered by the vehicle’s battery. Air bag sensors are specifically designed to prevent the air bag from inflating when the car travels over a bump or in case of a minor collision. In a frontal impact equivalent to hitting a solid barrier at a speed of 14.5 Km/h, the sensors located in the front of the car detect the sudden deceleration and send an electrical signal activating an initiator. The initiator is similar to a light bulb and contains a thin wire that heats up, breaking through the propellant chamber. This sudden penetration causes the solid chemical propellant, usually sodium azide, sealed up inside the inflator to undergo a very quick chemical reaction. This controlled reaction produces harmless blasts of the nitrogen gas that inflates the air bag. The resulting nitrogen gas fills the nylon bag in less than one-twenty-fifth (1/25) of a second, opening its plastic cover on the stirring wheel and inflating in front of the passenger before this hits the stirring wheel. As the occupant hits the inflated bag, the nitrogen gas is pushed out through some openings at the back of the bag. The bag remains fully inflated for no longer than one-tenth (1/10) of a second and is almost completely deflated by three-tenths (3/10) of a second after the impact with the passenger. Talcum powder or corn starch is used to line the inside of the air bag and is released from the air bag as it is opened causing the characteristic white cloud. Components of an airbag An air bag is formed by three main parts: the nylon bag, the inflator, and the propellant. The bag is made from a woven nylon fabric and can differ in shape and size depending on the specific vehicle safety requirements. Talcum powder or corn starch is used when handling the air bag, since either of the two substances prevents the woven nylon fabric from sticking together and makes assembling process easier. The inflator body is made from either stamped stainless steel or cast aluminium. Inside the inflator body there is a filter assembly formed by a stainless steel wire mesh with ceramic material held in between. When the inflator body is assembled in the factory, the filter assembly is wrapped by a metal foil to maintain the filter sealed preventing propellant contamination. The propellant, typically sodium azide ,in the form of black pellets, is combined with an oxidizer and is usually located inside the inflator body between the filter assembly and the initiator. Evaluation While analysing how I dealt with the Group Four Project, I noticed some facts that I could have improved, hence improvements that could be done in how my Group Four has worked. The members of my Group Four Project were: Jacopo Mauro, Daniel Gardin, Maria Airchinsky, Edoardo Nalon and Laure Rasscheart. I noticed that when we started to work at the project, we weren’t working as a team, as we still didn’t know what we really had to do, as time passed we got to know each other better and gained more confidence, thus, we started to work more as a team and we managed to assign tasks inside within the group, for example: Edoardo had to contact some car stores and to gather information about the crumple zones and the materials used in the car production, Jacopo and Daniel were the ones who worked on the physics experiment, since they are the two members of the group who have taken the physics course, while Laure, Maria and I did the chemistry experiment, since we had the idea of the inflation of a balloon as a representation of an airbag. The project could have been done in a more efficient way; we lost a lot of time to actually start with various ideas, set the experiments, and start working as a group, although it is possible to recognize the fact that our problems in getting organized were also due the fact that the members of the group never had study periods at the same time. Probably, something that could have really helped our report was to have a â€Å"leader† perhaps not the smartest, but the one who could have made sure that everyone who was actually proceeding with their tasks, and not wait for the last minute to do so. Perhaps he/she could have given the others some deadlines, and set up meetings to see how everyone was doing. Another thing that we could have improved in our Group 4 Project was that we didn’t have many meetings, we had also the summer to work on it, and we didn’t really do much, so we waited for September when we came back from vacations to start again to worry about finishing the project. Moreover, every member of the group was at a different level in chemistry and math, for example: Jacopo and Daniel are very good at chemistry and physics, in fact they chose the scientific course, while Laure, Edoardo, Maria and I don’t even take physics and aren’t objectively very good in chemistry. However, what emerged from our difficulties was a complex and elaborated project, a research on an important thematic such as safety in the streets, focusing on car accidents. Our project could be expanded on an international scale by suggesting other schools to perform the same research as we did, hence rising internationally the awareness in students on how chemistry and physics are important on a daily basis, how these subjects are at the base of our most important healthy issues.

Alcohol Abuse Essay

†¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Alcohol is a drink containing ethanol It is a lipid that is highly water soluble A psychoactive drug that has a depressant effect. Distribution: Ethanol is distributed equally in all body tissue according to water content. †¢ Metabolism: A healthy body can metabolize 15ml of alcohol/hour †¢ Alcohol is metabolized by the liver but 10% is excreted unchanged in the breath, sweat and the urine Metabolism of alcohol Alcohol Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde (Toxic) Alcohol Dehydrogenase H2 and Acetic Acid (Nontoxic) Alcohol Abuse †¢ A psychiatric diagnosis describing the recurring use of alcoholic beverages despite its negative consequences. †¢ Also termed as â€Å"Alcoholism† †¢ Pattern of drinking that results in harm to one’s health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work. Cause of Alcohol Abuse †¢ There is no known cause for alcohol abuse. †¢ The reason for alcohol abuse is complex. †¢ A. Psychodynamic Theory †¢ Attitudes and behaviors of the client †¢ Problems †¢ Stress, anxiety, depression †¢ Peer pressure. †¢ B. Biologic Theory †¢ G.enetic predisposition of the client MANIFESTATIONS OF alcohol abuse †¢ Continue to drink, even when health, work, or family are being harmed †¢ Are not able to control drinking — being unable to stop or reduce alcohol intake †¢ Miss work or school, or have a decrease in performance because of drinking †¢ Need to use alcohol on most days to get through the day. Manifestations of alcohol abuse †¢ Do not care about or ignore how they dress or whether they are clean †¢ Try to hide alcohol use †¢ Shake in the morning or after periods when they have not a drink †¢ Poor judgment †¢ Irritable. Complications of alcohol abuse †¢ Elevated liver function test †¢ Alcoholic Hallucinosis †¢ Withdrawal symptoms such as: x Tremors x Sweating x Palpitations x Agitation †¢ Delirium tremens †¢ Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome †¢ Peripheral Neuritis †¢ Gastric ulcers Treatment for ALCOHOL ABUSE †¢ Abstinence from alcohol †¢ Medication treatment such as: †¢ Long-acting Benzodiazepams: tx of alcohol withdrawal †¢ Chlorhexidine (Librium) †¢ Diazepam (Valium) †¢ Lorazepam (Ativan) †¢ Disulfiram (Antabuse) †¢ Naltrexone (ReVia) †¢ Subject to a rehabilitation facility. Nursing Management †¢ Teach the patient the effects of chemical abuse on the body. †¢ In communicating with the patient be in a matter-of-fact and respectful manner. †¢ Maintain a positive, supportive environment. †¢ Build a therapeutic rapport with the patient by providing relief from his or her symptoms and meeting physiologic and safety needs. †¢ Present reality without challenging or escalating the patient’s anxiety and thought disturbances. †¢ Remain objective to the patient and the family. †¢ Closely monitor your patient during your shift to identify subtle changes and intervene appropriately. †¢ Assess mental status and sleep pattern, and provide emotional support to reduce anxiety.

Public Sector Policies & Issues in Management Assignment Essay

The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services. The composition of the public sector varies by country, but in most countries the public sector includes such services as the police, military, public roads, public transit, primary education and healthcare for the poor. The public sector might provide services that non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public education), and services that encourage equal opportunity. Public sector as a boon (1) Employment: Various public sectors operating in India needs lot of manpower & this provide employment to unlimited individuals according to their education, experience & abilities. (2) Economic Development: Economic development mainly depends upon industrial development. Heavy & basic industries like iron & steel, shipping, mining, etc. are required for supplying raw materials to small industries. Huge capital is required for establishment of such heavy & basic industries. This capital required for these industries is easily & readily made available by public sector but it is practically not possible for a private sector to run these industries. (3) Sound Infrastructure: Rapid industrial growth in a country needs sound infrastructure. Infrastructural industries require huge capital for construction of Roads, Railways, Electricity & many such industries. Private sector is unable to have such huge capital & that also without any high return but public sector can easily afford to provide all infrastructural facilities. (4) Protection to Sick Industries: Public sector, to prevent sick unit closing down, takes over their responsibility & prevent many people from getting unemployed not only this but it prevents unnecessary locking of capital, land, building, machinery, etc. (5) Regional Development: Private sector usually neglect backward area. But public sector organizations set up their units in economically backward areas. By this public sector removes regional imbalance & brings regional development. (6) Government Control: Public sector is wholly controlled & managed by the Board of Directors or other officers appointed by government. (7) Service Motive: Public sector organizations are working with the only motive of providing public utility services to society at large irrespective of profit. (8) Monopoly: Public sector is purely government monopoly. It does not face any type of competition from any private sector. Public sector is working on monopoly, semi-monopoly or oligopoly basis. (9) Modal Employer: Like a good parent, public sector is very much concerned with its employees. It take proper care of its employees & provides job security, sound wages, proper working conditions, training and welfare facilities. (10) Economies of Operation: Public sector due to its large scale operations enjoys economies of large scale operation. Public sector as a bane (1) Inefficiency: Inefficiency results due to the size of the organization. (2) Incentives: There is a lack of incentive for employees to perform if there is no share in the profit or there is an absence of other motivators such as productivity bonuses – accelerated promotion; (this factor can also apply in the private sector if the employee is not given any incentive to perform). (3) Interference: Political interference can occur. They interfere with the free market forces. Hence, Public sector is a Boon to the Indian economy. The Public Sector Enterprises have been the mainstay of the Indian economy and were set up with the purpose to achieve self-sufficiency in production of goods/ services serve the broad macro-economic objectives of higher economic growth facilitate long term equilibrium in balance of payments and Ensure stability in prices and create benchmarks for prices of essential items The government-owned corporations play a pivotal role in the economic development of emerging economies because their participation is higher in the industrial and commercial activities of these economies. Resource constraints and limited scope of the private sector in the early stages of development and planning have set the stage for predominance of the public enterprises in these economies. Thus, public sectors in the leading developing countries of the world (including the countries in the BRIC region) play a very important role. Investments in public sector enterprises have also been greater and have continued to accelerate growth in core sectors of a developing economy (such as railways, telecommunications, nuclear power, defence etc. ). Many a times, public enterprises were created to operate in areas of national and international trade, consultancy, inland, and overseas communication and construction services; as a result, overall profits of the public sector have not been restricted to certain sectors. In other words, the public sector is a heterogeneous combination of basic infrastructure industries, industries engaged in providing trade services, consumer goods industries, etc. Role and Relevance of public Vs private sector in current economic scenario In the earlier lessons you have studied about the various forms of business organization existing under private ownership or in private sector. By private sector, we mean, economic and social activities undertaken privately by a single individual or group of individuals. They prefer to do business in private sector basically to earn profit. On the other hand public sector refers to economic and social activities undertaken by public authorities. The enterprises in public sector are set up with the main aim of protecting public interest. Profit earning comes next. Besides the difference in the objective, the enterprises in both these sectors also differ in many other aspects. In this section let us know the differences between the enterprises of public sector and private sector. Role of Central Public Sector Enterprises Infrastructure: Public sector has made a very valuable contribution in the development of a strong infrastructure and the provision of social and economic overheads, which is an essential precondition for rapid economic growth. This includes development of transport and communication, power, irrigation, education, research and training public health services, housing etc. Strong Industrial Base: Public sector has also made a notable contribution in laying the foundation of strong industrial base. The development of basic and key industries, has all along taken place in the public sector, These industries include iron and steel, heavy machinery, heavy engineering, heavy electronics, heavy chemicals, minerals and oil, cement, fertilizers, etc. The development of these industries in the public sector has laid the foundation of a strong rapid and broad-based industrial growth and has enabled the country to attain self-reliance in a number of industrial items. Export Promotion: Some public enterprises have done much to promote Indian exports. The state trading corporations and the minerals and metals trading corporations have done a wonderful job of promoting exports in all parts of the world. Hindustan steel ltd, the Bharat Electronics ltd are some of the public enterprises which are exporting increasing proportion of their output and earning foreign exchange. Role of Private Sector Enterprises The private sector is usually composed of organizations that are privately owned and not part of the government. These usually includes corporations (both profit and non-profit), partnerships, and charities. The importance of private sector in Indian economy has been very commendable in generating employment and thus eliminating poverty. Further, it also effected the following – Increased quality of life Increased access to essential items Increased production opportunities Lowered prices of essential items Increased value of human capital Improved social life of the middle class Indian Decreased the percentage of people living below the poverty line in India Changed the age old perception of poor agriculture based country to a rising manufacturing based country Effected increased research and development activity and spending Effected better higher education facilities especially in technical fields Ensured fair competition amongst market players Dissolved the concept of monopoly and thus neutralized market manipulation practices Basis of difference Private sector enterprises Public sector enterprises 1. Objective Maximisation of profit. Maximise social welfare and ensure balanced economic development. 2. Ownership Owned by individuals. Owned by Government. 3. Management Managed by owner and Managed by Government. professional managers.

Smart Database Design to Avoid Fault Data Research Paper

Smart Database Design to Avoid Fault Data - Research Paper Example This paper reveales the diverse ways of entering data into databases along with reasons of entered and stored poor quality data in databases and its impacts on the organizations. One of the reasons is improper database design, therefore in order to avoid poor quality data in databases, features of good database design along with guidelines for developing a smart database to avoid faulty data have been provided in this paper. Keywords: database design, data quality, avoiding faulty information, Garbage in Garbage out (GIGO), database normalization, smart database design. Introduction Today, each and every decision from solving particular problem to deciding future of an organization is based on availability, accuracy and quality of information. â€Å"Information is an organizational asset, and, according to its value and scope, must be organized, inventoried, secured, and made readily available in a usable format for daily operations and analysis by individuals, groups, and processes, both today and in the future† (Neilson, 2007). The organizational information is neither just bits, bytes saved in a server nor limited to client data, the hardware and the software that store it. A data or information to which an organization deals with is a process of gathering, normalizing and sharing that information to all its stakeholders. It might be difficult to manage this imperative huge information manually. This is the reason that databases are formulated and high in demand. A database facilitates to store, handle and utilize implausible diverse organization’s information easily. A database can be defined as â€Å"collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated† (Rouse, 2006). Developing a database is neither a complicated process nor complex for using and manipulating information stored in it. A database smoothes the progress of maintaining order in what could be an extremely chaotic informative environment. In databases, a collection of information is stored individually and its management entails preliminary indexing of existing data by categorizing the isolated saved information based on common factors (identity). It can be done through assigning values which signify appropriate condition (i.e. national identities, names, cell numbers, etc.). Undoubtedly, if the data gathering and storing process are malfunctioned, the established data will be incorrect as well; this process is known to be as Garbage in Garbage out (GIGO). Quality and accuracy of data are too critical and fundamental for a database developed/maintained by any organization, either the database is developed for achieving a small goal with limited scope or it is a multi-billion dollar information system. It can be said that the value of data is directly proportional to the quality of data. It is one of many reasons that an inadequately designed database may present incorrect information that may be complicated to utilize, or may even stop working accurately. Why Poor data Quality? As there are a number of ways to enter data in databases that include initial data conversion (data conversion from some previously existing data source), consolidating existing database with new database, manual data entry, batch feeds and real-time data entry interfaces, therefore, there are a plenty of diverse root causes currently subsist for storage of inaccurate and poor data quality in databases. Some of them are because of inappropriate database design whereas the others are due to external outage factors. The basis of these errors is a lot more than just stumble-fingered typographer (typo error). Some of the reasons of poor quality data except database design include receiving

Magnetic Resonance Image(MRI) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Magnetic Resonance Image(MRI) - Research Paper Example The very large cost of MRI machines and their large size and specialized installation requirements acts as a deterrent to wider use of this technology. There is work underway that promises reduced costs and size of MRI machines, especially in the form of specialized machines for the scan of extremities such as wrists and ankles. The success of this effort could lead to wider use of the technology. Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, diagnostics, magnetic pulse 1. Introduction: The first Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) was produced in 1973 and the procedure has now become a rapidly growing medical diagnostic tool for the medical profession. Over 30 million MRI procedures were done in the US in 2010 and new advances in technology is making specialized MRI procedures available for screening for a wider range of diseases and medical conditions each year. The human body can be considered to be essentially made up of three types of material; bone which is hard and made up of minerals such as calcium, soft tissue including muscles, flesh, blood vessels and organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lungs and fluids including blood and air. The field of diagnostic imaging started with the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Rontgen. Even today, over two-thirds of medical diagnostics are done using X-rays. X-rays are ionizing radiations and the image is captured on a photographic film. X-ray images are good for viewing bones but the resolution for viewing soft tissue is often inadequate. The invention of Computed Tomography (CT) sought to address this limitation by using digital images in place of photographic plate and to manipulate the images for contrast and brightness to distinguish various types of soft tissue from each other (Ostensen, 2001). Ultrasound or ultrasonography was developed as the safer technology for viewing soft tissue and body fluids in the 1950s and 1960s. In this technique, sound waves of frequency between 3.5 MHz and 7 MHz are generated using a transducer or â€Å"probe†. Sound waves passing through human body get reflected when it passes from one type of tissue to the other. The reflected sound wave is picked by a microphone built into the same probe housing as the signal generator and a computer image of the internal tissue is created in real time. The medical professional can move the probe over the body area to see the changes in the image and also freeze the image for recording. Using ultrasound, it is possible to see images of blood flow through arteries and veins and see heart valves opening and closing. Ultrasound equipment is comparatively inexpensive and is safe as compared to X-rays. The interpretation of the ultrasound images however requires trained medical professionals and there is high risk of incorrect diagnosis (Ostensen, 2001). Ultrasound has no known side effects and is safely used even for examination of an unborn fetus. Ultrasound waves do not pass through air and are therefore not effective fo r examination of the stomach or the intestines. They also cannot penetrate bone and therefore are not used for areas with bone covering such as the skull. In obese patients, excess body fat sometimes makes ultrasound examination difficult as the reflected sound